Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): EUROASIAN HEALTH JOURNAL

Mental disorders make up a significant part of the overall global burden of disease, with depression and anxiety among the top ten main causes leading to disability between the ages of 10 and 49. Due to the fact that antidepressants are mainly used in the pharmacotherapy of depression and anxiety disorders, the purpose of our research was to segment the pharmaceutical market of antidepressants in the Kyrgyz Republic. The database of the State Register of Medicines of the Department of Medicines and Medical Devices of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, registered and approved for medical use in the Kyrgyz Republic, was used for the analysis. The methods of content analysis, observation, comparison, grouping, and ranking were used. Currently, 24 drugs from the group of antidepressants are officially approved for medical use in the Kyrgyz Republic. The maximum number of deliveries to the country in monetary terms was carried out in 2021, amounting to 42 210 339 soms or 496,523 USA dollars. The sales leaders from the antidepressant group are the drugs amitriptylline, paroxetine (rexetin®) and escitalopram (sevpram®). The study identified problems with the physical availability of antidepressants in the country.

Background. Acute destructive pancreatitis is a condition in which a complex mechanism of development occurs, including several stages. Complications resulting from inflammation in the pancreas can include pancreatic necrotizing infection, peritonitis, abscesses, and systemic inflammatory responses, which can lead to multiple organ failure and even death. Understanding this developmental mechanism highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and effective treatment to prevent severe complications and improve the prognosis for patients. Purpose of the study. The main goal was to find out whether a combination of drugs can improve outcomes in acute destructive pancreatitis. Materials and research methods: a program for the administration of drugs directly into the target organ by catheterization of the splenic artery has been developed. The results of the treatment of 144 patients with acute destructive pancreatitis who were admitted to the surgical department of the Astana City Multidisciplinary Hospital No. 2 in 2020-2023 were analyzed. The age of the patients is from 30 to 63 years. There was a predominance of the age group of the working age period from 41 to 63 years - (81.9%). There were 86 men (59.7%) and 58 women (40.3%). Study results. The absence of septic complications was noted in 42 out of 72 patients in the main group and in 36 out of 72 patients in the control group. Urgent surgical intervention was required in 7 out of 72 patients in the main group and in 24 out of 72 patients in the control group. The mortality rate was 4 out of 72 in the main group and 8 out of 72 in the control group. The average length of hospital stay was shorter in patients of the main group. Conclusion: the study showed that the combination of drugs chosen by us is more effective in preventing septic complications and reducing mortality in ADP than intravenous therapy.

Chronic granulomatous disease is a congenital primary immunodeficiency caused by a genetic defect of phagocytosis, characterized by the inability of leukocytes to synthesize reactive oxygen species and phagocytize microorganisms due to a defect in the enzyme NADP oxidase, which leads to a high susceptibility of the patient to bacterial and fungal infections. The frequency of occurrence of this pathology ranges from 1:100 thousand to 1:200 thousand people. In about 60% of cases, the disease is inherited linked to the X chromosome, and in 40% it is autosomal recessive. The most common and frequently occurring form is X-linked chronic granulomatous disease caused by a mutation of the CYBB gene, which explains the significantly higher prevalence of the disease in males. Chronic granulomatous disease is characterized by recurrent infections of any organ (lungs, skin, liver, lymph nodes, urinary system, intestines) with the formation of inflammatory granulomas, abscesses and fistulas; the development of severe pneumonia with extensive damage to the lung tissue involving the pleura. The article presents data on the prevalence, clinical manifestations and treatment of chronic granulomatous disease, as well as own clinical observation of the course of this disease in a 5-year-old child. The difficulties of diagnosing a primary immunodeficiency condition in routine pediatric practice are described, when the pediatrician must include primary immunodeficiency in the differential diagnosis plan.

In this review, we analyzed gluten-associated diseases (celiac disease, wheat allergy, herpetiform dermatitis, gluten ataxia, non-celiac gluten sensitivity). In the course of studying literary sources, we found that in recent years it has become more common to detect patients with latent and subclinical forms of celiac disease, instead of typical clinical manifestations, including on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. Therefore, there is a need to prescribe therapeutic nutrition for these diseases, since today the gluten-free diet (AGD) is the main method of treatment. According to available data, it has been noted that dieting may be accompanied by a risk of a lack of important nutrients and vitamins, as well as a violation of the intestinal microbiota. Thus, patients with gluten-associated diseases require constant medical supervision by gastroenterologists and nutritionists for proper correction of the diet, taking into account the individual needs of the patient for essential nutrients and energy, as well as in case of complications.

According to the reporting data, the proportion of children under 14 years of age who became ill in the structure of the total incidence of viral hepatitis A (HA) was 74% in Bishkek, and 88% in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR). The highest incidence rate in the Kyrgyz Republic by age is observed in children aged 3 years (835.0 per 100 thousand population) and 4 years (868.0 per 100 thousand population). Statistical indicators were confirmed by a gray epidemiological study
conducted in 2018 of 995 persons selected by a step-by-step sample, of all age categories, from among the assigned population living in the territory of the CMC No. 11 of the city of Bishkek. The titer of antibodies to CAA (the presence of Anti-HAV in the blood was studied by immune-enzyme analysis (ELISA)) is determined from infancy and reaches 62% by the age of 10-14, then with the increase in age, the share of seropositive increases in parallel. The overall prevalence on the CAA was 82,8%.

The article presents the results of an analysis of studies of food products of animal origin for the content of basic macronutrients (proteins and fats), selected in various regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. These studies are aimed at creating a database on the chemical composition of food products in the Kyrgyz Republic and were carried out by the Test-Expertiza Educational and Consulting Center. These studies were supported by the Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. Purpose of the study: to analyze the actual content of macronutrients in meat and dairy food products from various regions of the Kyrgyz Republic and give a comparative description of their content with the data of Russian scientists from the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The content of proteins and fats in the following food products was studied: meat and dairy from five regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods using a Kjeldahl UK-4005 device and a Soxhlet apparatus. Results of the study. The given results of the content of proteins and fats in the main types of food products of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the study showed that biologically valuable products with a high content of complete protein are all meat products (beef, lamb, horse meat, chicken), and among dairy products - butter (72% fat) from various regions of the Kyrgyz Republic.

The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect of cytokines was studied in 42 patients who were intolerant to local anesthetics for dental use Patients were allowed to have other concomitant types of allergies, such as pollen, food, insect. Determination of the concentration of cytokines IL-4 and IFN- γ in blood serum was carried out by the method of solid-phase immunoassay (ELISA). The presence of allergies to several types of allergens at once was revealed: medicinal in combination with food, medicinal in combination with pollen and medicinal in combination with pollen and food. The obtained results of the study indicate the presence of inhibition of interferogenesis and a decrease in IL-4 in all types of allergies, except for drug allergies and pollen allergies.

Sleep in the daily regime of preschool children is one of the important aspects that affects their health. This study was conducted to summarize the literature data on the importance of children's sleep in the daily regime in preschool institutions. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the sleep patterns of preschool children in children's educational institutions over the past five years. The study was carried out by simultaneously searching for combinations of words such as “sleep”, “daily regime”, “daytime sleep”, “children”, “preschool age”, “children’s educational institutions (preschool educational institutions)”, etc., from modern Google databases Scholar", PubMed.gov, e-library, Wiley. The result of a thorough analysis of scientific research works showed that such research on this topic was carried out by scientists from different countries, as well as in our republic. However, this issue remains relevant in the world, including in Kyrgyzstan, since the aspect of sleep patterns during the day has not been sufficiently studied for preschool institutions, as a separate important component of the regimen in children's educational institutions.

The aim of the study was to provide an epidemiological assessment of the significance of parenteral and sexual transmission of HIV in Kyrgyzstan. Materials and methods. For the analysis, were used the data of the Republican Center for Bloodborne viral hepatitis and HIV Control from the electronic system for tracking HIV cases. Results and discussion. A retrospective analysis of the models of transmission of HIV infection showed that in recent years, among new cases, people who became infected through sexual contact, and who are not injecting drug users, are more often registered. The registration of new HIV cases is growing. The largest number of new HIV cases was registered in 2018 (818 cases, or 12.8 per 100,000 population). A pronounced growth trend is associated with the registration of non-PWID PLHIV with an annual growth rate (Tgrowth = +9,8%). Whereas for the registration of new cases of PLHIV-PWID, there is a declining trend (Tdecrease = - 5,8% per year). Due to the fact that PWID were predominantly men, parenteral transmission prevailed over sexual transmission until 2014. But since 2015, the parenteral route of infection of men with HIV infection has decreased from 45% to 3% (2022). decreased the proportion of the parenteral route. The situation is aggravated by the fact that most of them are 18-49 years of active reproductive age. Conclusion. Prioritizing prevention programs for young people should be reconsidered, whether they belong to key populations or the general population.

Relevance. The important role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune and cardiovascular systems of the body, as well as in various physiological processes, including cell growth and neuromuscular conduction, is known. Its deficiency in the body causes the risk of developing infectious, cardiovascular, cancer and other diseases. In this regard, vitamin D deficiency is an urgent public health problem in the world, including in the Kyrgyz Republic. Target: to study the level of vitamin D provision in different population groups of the Kyrgyz Republic by season. Materials and methods. An analysis of studies of vitamin D content was carried out by the Gemotest laboratory in 6274 people from various regions of the Kyrgyz Republic from January 2019 to August 2023. For laboratory studies, the electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) method is used. Results. The results of vitamin D content (level) by gender, by year, and by region of the Kyrgyz Republic are presented. Conclusions. An analysis of the study showed that in the whole of the Kyrgyz Republic, only 35.48% of those surveyed had an adequate level of vitamin D. The highest proportion of the population with vitamin D deficiency was noted in the southern region of the Kyrgyz Republic (Batken, Jalalabad and Osh regions), mainly more in women and teenagers.

The article presents the results of an epidemiological analysis of the incidence of bacterial meningitis in the population of Bishkek for 2022-2023. Long-term dynamics are characterized by two rises in meningitis and an increase in incidence since 2022. The seasonality of incidence occurs in the winter-spring period. The risk group is children under 14 years of age; elderly and senile people are also involved in the process. The distribution of meningitis across districts of the city of Bishkek indicates the highest incidence with an increase in 2023 in the Pervomaisky district. The gender distribution incidence in Bishkek indicates a statistically significant predominance of males. The fatality rate in 2022 and 2023 was 9.6%.

The article provides data on the distribution of Brucella species among humans and farm animals circulating in the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the results of molecular genetic analyses performed by different authors, Brucella cultures isolated from humans were attributed only to B. melitensis species, isolates isolated from farm animals indicated circulation of both Brucella species. Of the 443 strains obtained from small ruminants 427 (96.3%) were identified as B. melitensis and 16 (3.6%) strains were assigned to B. abortus. On typing of 30 brucella strains from cattle, 11 (37%) were attributed to B. abortus and 19 samples (63%) were attributed to B. melitensis. Also, data on migration of B. melitensis to cattle and migration of B. abortus to small ruminants are presented. B. melitensis migration to cattle and B. abortus migration to small ruminants. The results of full generation sequences of the brucellosis strains isolated from humans were identified as B. melitensis and showed the identity of the brucellosis pathogen strains with the strains circulating in the Eastern Mediterranean countries with the greatest similarity to the strains from Turkmenistan, Iran and Turkey.

Physical development, which is a process of growth and development, is considered the most important and beneficial indicator of the health of children and adolescents. Among the factors influencing the development and health of children, an important role is played by a healthy and balanced diet that meets the physiological needs in both quantity and quality. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study and compare the physical development and nutrition of students of a boarding music school and a choreographic school.
The study of the physical development of children and adolescents in a boarding music school and a choreographic college at the age of 10-17 years was conducted using anthropometric data using a unified methodology using standard measuring instruments. To assess the indicators of physical development, regional standards of physical development and the Quetelet index (BMI) were used using the standards recommended by WHO (2007). A calculation method was used to evaluate diets. The data obtained were then compared with recommended dietary and energy intake standards for children and adolescents.
The results show that the average values of physical development correspond to normal sequential development. However, when studying the diet of children, deviations from the recommended norms for proteins, fats and carbohydrates are noted, which can affect body mass index (BMI) and physical development. These results can serve as a basis for the development of recommendations for optimizing diets and maintaining the health of students in these educational institutions.

The problem of preserving the health of elderly and senile people is becoming particularly important with the growing proportion of the world's population over the age of 60. The article summarizes the available literature data on the peculiarities of nutrition, nutritional support, and the peculiarities of building the diet of people in old age and senility, taking into account the changes occurring in their body due to age characteristics. Attention is drawn to the fact that poor nutrition is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, anemia, cerebrovascular disorders, acute cerebral circulatory disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, malignant neoplasms, etc. The article analyzes the role of nutrition of the elderly as a factor that can increase the body's resistance to negative environmental factors, prevent the development of non-communicable diseases and slow down the aging process. The optimization of the diet of elderly people should be considered as one of the directions for correcting violations of their nutritional status, prevention and rehabilitation of non-communicable diseases, and, consequently, the prevention of early aging. In addition, the nutrition factor in old age is a factor of geroprotection, prevents or slows down the aging process, the development of complications, violation of the main categories of vital activity, thus being a means of preventing premature aging.

National food traditions, especially the structure of the food set, are easier to borrow, influence from the outside, and innovate. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to study the historically established traditions of the Kyrgyz food culture, taking into account national, ceremonial, climatic and other conditions. The review article provides brief historical information from many scientists about the peculiarity of the Kyrgyz diet and food set. The basis of Kyrgyz cuisine was flour, dairy and meat dishes. Under the influence of the Russian-Ukrainian population, the food system of the inhabitants of the Issyk-Kul region included roast meat, borscht, dumplings, potato dishes and dishes made from poultry meat. The daily diet of the residents of the Osh region included mainly dishes typical of the traditional Kyrgyz and Uzbek food systems. These are various dishes made from fresh meat - shorpo, pilaf, kesme, lagman, manty, oromo, mastava, etc. At the same time, meat dishes with the addition of kesme, gulchatai, besh barmak prevailed in the diet of the population of the Naryn region, and shorpo, lagman, manty, and oromo are also widely distributed. The article presents the results of a study based on literary analysis, which indicate that flour, dairy, meat dishes and dishes with the addition of cereals are characteristic of traditional Kyrgyz cuisine.

The coronavirus pandemic has been characterized by high morbidity, significant mortality and socio-economic upheaval.
An outbreak of the virus was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern and a pandemic on March 11. With more than 770 million cases reported worldwide and more than 6.9 million confirmed deaths, the COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the deadliest in history.
The article discusses the epidemiological features of coronavirus infection in the city of Bishkek. The dynamics of the spread of morbidity during the 2020-2022 epidemic, morbidity by age and population are given. The focal nature of coronavirus infection is also described. Data on the impact of coronavirus infection on the registration of infectious morbidity in Bishkek are presented.

The article presents the results of an epidemiological analysis of the incidence of echinococcosis in the population of the city of Bishkek for 2012-2022. The long-term dynamics of the incidence of echinococcosis tends to decrease. Of particular concern is the incidence of echinococcosis in children under 14 years of age, the share of which was 23% in 2021 and 21.6% in 2022. The high proportion of morbidity in children indicates the epizootological disadvantage of this invasion. Cases of echinococcosis have been registered among adults of all professions, however, they were detected somewhat more often among non-working people, the proportion is 52.5% of the total incidence, and the proportion of schoolchildren is also quite high - 22.2%. Echinococcosis affects people of active working age - from 20 to 50 years. The distribution of echinococcosis among the districts of the city of Bishkek indicates a greater registration of it in the Leninsky district; the localization of echinococcosis cysts in patients is mainly in the liver.

The article discusses the results of ultrasound examination (ultrasound), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), studies for the presence of specific antibodies, the results of a survey of the population of 7 districts (8823 people) and assessment of the behavioral risk factor for infection with echinococcosis of the population of the Osh region of the Kyrgyz Republic (KR). According to the results of ELISA, 12.0 0.3% (1060) were positive, and by ultrasound 8.0 0.4% (703). Invasion by alveococcosis was detected more often by both ultrasound and ELISA – 334 ± 0,3% (3.78%) and 74.3 ± 0.4% (788), respectively. The most endemic region turned out to be Alai, where the infestation rate of the examined persons was – 50.2 ± 0.9% (771) out of 1535. The risk group were children under 14 years of age – 74.3 ± 0.4% (788). The formation and preservation of foci of echinococcosis is facilitated by: non-compliance by the population with the rules for keeping pets, 83% of respondents keep dogs freely, 85% do not clean up after dogs, 57% of adults have contact with dogs, and 63% of children play with them. Only 49% of respondents use the services of a veterinarian and deworm dogs: 70% do it once a year, 20% do it 2, 3 and rarely 4 times a year.

The article presents the results of an epidemiological investigation of a case from the practice of repeated registration of meningitis of various etiologies in a patient from 2012 to 2023 in the city of Bishkek. An epidemiological investigation revealed that the child had meningitis 8 times. In August 2011, he received a traumatic brain injury with a fracture of the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. In March 2019, the patient underwent surgery in Moscow. From 2012 to 2023, the patient suffered from meningitis.

Currently, there is an increase in morbidity among children and adolescents, including in Kyrgyzstan. The study was aimed at studying the prevalence of smoking among high school students, identifying the causes that contribute to smoking, and assessing the extent to which students assess the harm that tobacco can cause to the body.
To achieve this goal, 318 schoolchildren were interviewed. His methods interviewed on smoking issues included giving smokers sources of information about the frequency and quantity of smoking, their presence and the dangers of smoking.
The results of the study showed a higher smoking rate among high school students (25%). The main factor contributing to smoking among adolescents is the prevalence of smoking among relatives (especially among girls). Some of the students interviewed do not know enough about the harm of smoking to the body.

The lists of the main sources of soil pollution on the territory of Uzbekistan are determined by a complex of national economic, socio-economic, soil-climatic and sanitary-hygienic local conditions that have developed in connection with the development of agriculture and industry, the organization of sanitary cleaning of populated areas of the republic. The current state of the soil is alarming because over the past 30-50 years the soil has been subject to salinization, water and wind erosion, and contamination with heavy metals, fluorides and agrochemicals. Particular importance is attached to the protection of agricultural lands and the protection of soils in populated areas. The purpose of the study was a hygienic assessment of the sanitary condition of the soil in various regions of Tashkent. Materials and methods. To study the sanitary condition of the soil, samples were taken from the following 4 points in Tashkent: soil from places where crop products were produced; soil from the territory of industrial enterprises; soil in the zone of influence of industrial enterprises and transport routes; soil from residential areas, including from the territories of children's institutions and playgrounds. Studies have been carried out to determine the content of pesticides, heavy metal salts, radioactive substances in the soil, and bacteriological indicators using generally accepted methods. Results of the study: the results of a study of the sanitary condition of the soil in various regions of Tashkent are presented. Conclusions. Most of the selected soil samples did not meet hygienic requirements in terms of bacteriological indicators. Other indicators: i.e. the amount of pesticides, salts of heavy metals and radioactive substances, the number of helminths in all soil samples met the hygienic requirements.

In the pre-October period in Kyrgyzstan there was no state body that would deal with the problems of improving the sanitary condition of settlements and improving the sanitary culture of the population, organizing the fight against epidemics, which had severe economic and demographic consequences. The working and living conditions of the population also remained extremely unsatisfactory. It was only after the establishment of Soviet power that the sanitary and epidemiological service arose and developed as a form of state medical activity, as a system of measures aimed at preventing infectious diseases and improving the sanitary condition of the country. The Sanitary and Hygienic Faculty of the Kyrgyz State Medical Institute was organized in 1953, the first graduation of which was 77 graduates. Over the past 70 years, the faculty has trained more than 3,000 qualified specialists who form the backbone of the country's public health.

In the presented scientific article, a detailed study of the history of the formation of the sanitary and hygienic faculty at the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbayev is carried out. In this article, the author examined in more detail the historical aspects of the creation of this faculty and tried to point out the main reasons for its creation and development. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the specialty in practical activities, which made it possible to reveal its important role and place in the public health system.
In addition, the studied data will allow a deeper understanding of the historical context of the development of the sanitary and hygienic faculty, and with it its significance, as well as its significant contribution to the field of public health of the republic.
The results and conclusions of the study are based on a thorough analysis of various documents, such as orders, regulations, reports, reports and statistical data obtained in the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz Republic (CSA KR) and the archive of the KSMA named after I.K. Akhunabev.